To ensure undisrupted use of LIBs, nondestructive testing (NDT) methods have been developed. In extreme situations, particularly after being charged at a high rate, there can be ultrahigh-temperature and -stress conditions between the electrode plates of a battery, allowing relatively large metal particles to crush the separator, which in turn causes an ISC. In contrast to mechanical and thermal abuse that leads to significant abnormal changes in external battery parameters (e.g., voltage or temperature), ISCs and IBDs are more likely to cause unexpected safety accidents ( Mohanty et al., 2016 David et al., 2018).īoth ISCs and IBDs share a common characteristic: the presence of metal-particle impurities-such as Li dendrites (formed after Li plating in batteries), copper (Cu) dendrites (formed after overdischarging), and scrap iron and welding slag splashes -on the surface of the battery active material. Battery abuse (e.g., overcharging) is identifiable and preventable when the battery management system is in normal operation, while ISCs and IBDs are problems that are hidden more deeply. In the absence of damage caused by external forces (e.g., collision or puncturing), internal short circuits (ISCs) ( Ecker et al., 2017), overcharging ( Ren et al., 2019a Wang et al., 2021), and internal battery defects (IBDs) ( Mohanty et al., 2016) have been found to be the primary causes of battery accidents. However, during use, batteries undergo degradation and irreversible side reactions, and this can lead to accidents including fires and explosions ( Ould Ely et al., 2019 Ren et al., 2019b Huang et al., 2021) reviewed the LIB accidents that had occurred worldwide in recent years, including those related to electric vehicles, backup power-supply systems, and consumer electronics. The performance and quality of LIBs have a direct impact on products in terms of the user experience and cyclic sustainability ( Cordoba-Arenas et al., 2015 Xiang et al., 2017). Ultrasonic tomography technology is an effective method for non-destructive testing of lithium-ion batteries.Ĭharacterized by high energy densities, wide operating voltage windows, and long service lifetimes, lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs) are vital energy storage devices in new-energy vehicles and electronic products ( Han et al., 2019). Compared with aluminum foil, copper foil and copper powder are easier to be detected and change the ultrasonic signal greatly, they will produce an obvious shadowing artifacts and speed displacement phenomena in tomography images.
It was found that the acoustic properties difference between metal defects and battery active materials has a strong influence on detection sensitivity.
The position and shape of those defects were clearly shown by using tomography methodology. A non-contact ultrasonic scanning system with multi-channel was built to scan the battery sample with aluminum foil, copper foil and copper powder defects. This study is first time to scan and analyze different types of defects inside a battery by using ultrasonic technology, and it shows the detection capability boundary of this methodology. So, a non-destructive testing of battery internal metal defect is very necessary. Metal particle defect is a key factor in internal short circuit it will not show an obvious abnormal change in battery external characteristic just like mechanical and thermal abuse. Sudden fire accident is one of the most serious issue, which is mainly caused by unpredicted internal short circuit. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. 5School of Automotive Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Technology, Lanzhou, China.4R&D China, Électricité de France, Beijing, China.3School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.2State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.1College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.Mengchao Yi 1,2 Fachao Jiang 1* Languang Lu 2* Sixuan Hou 3 Jianqiao Ren 4 Xuebing Han 2 Lili Huang 5
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